Spotify Q4 2025 Earnings Call Transcript

Spotify Technology S.A. (NYSE:SPOT) reported fourth-quarter financial results Tuesday. The transcript from the company’s earnings call has been provided below.

• Spotify Technology shares are climbing with conviction. Why is SPOT stock up today?

This transcript is brought to you by Benzinga APIs. For real-time access to our entire catalog, please visit https://www.benzinga.com/apis/ for a consultation.

Operator

Good day and welcome to Spotify’s fourth quarter 2025 earnings call and webcast. All participants are in a listen only mode. If you require operator assistance at any time, please press star zero. As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded. I would now like to turn the call over to Brian Goldberg, Head of Investor relations. Thank you. Please go ahead.

Bryan Goldberg (Head of Investor Relations)

Thanks, operator. And welcome to Spotify’s fourth quarter 2026 earnings conference call. Joining us today will be our Founder and Executive Chairman Daniel ek, our co CEOs Alex Norstrom and Gustav Soderstrom, and our CFO Christian Luiga. We’ll start with opening comments from the team and afterwards we’ll be happy to answer your questions. Questions can be submitted by going to slido.com slido.com and using the code spotifyearningsq425. Analysts can ask questions directly into Slido and all participants can then vote on the questions they find the most relevant. If for some reason you don’t have access to Slido, you can email [email protected] and we’ll add in your question. Before we begin, let me quickly cover the safe harbor. During this call we’ll be making certain forward looking statements, including projections or estimates about the future performance of the company. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially because of factors discussed on today’s call in our shareholder deck and in filings with the securities and Exchange Commission. During this call, we’ll also refer to certain non IFRS financial measures. Reconciliations between our IFRS and non ifrs financial measures can be found in our shareholder deck, in the financial section of our investor relations website and also furnished today on Form 6-K. And with that I’ll turn it over to Daniel.

Daniel Ek (Founder and Executive Chairman)

All right. Hey everyone and thanks for joining. As a short counting exercise has just shown me, this is my 32nd earnings call and as you know, this was the last one that I did in the role as CEO. Alex, Gustav and Christian will give you an overview of the business and cover the quarter. But before I hand it over, I wanted to share a few thoughts. First, I want to say gratitude to the incredible teams at Spotify, to the artists, creators and authors we build for the more than three quarters of a billion people. Listen with us daily. Thank you. And thank you to all of you as well. I can say that I’ve generally valued these conversations with our investors, with analysts and even the tough questions getting to build a company like this and, and to share that Journey with people who care about where it’s going. It’s been a real privilege. From day one, our focus has been simple. Build the best experience for listeners, be the best partner for artists and creators, and do it in a way that scales globally. And that remains true almost 20 years in. And for those participating on the call, I know a huge portion of your role is scoring the companies you cover. So if you want a framework for evaluating Spotify going forward and what to hold us accountable to, I’d point to three key things. And then you must also layer on the culture that makes them possible. First, we solve problems at the intersection of consumers and creators. This is where we focus. If something is good for the consumer and also good for the creator, that’s where you’ll find us every time. Discover Weekly wrapped Spotify for Artists, our new mobile free tier. These aren’t just features, they’re proof points. We build tools that help artists reach listeners they’d never find otherwise, and in turn, help listeners discover music they didn’t know they loved. And we built an ecosystem where artists, listeners, creators, authors and advertisers reinforce each other. That intersection is where we’ve always won, and it’s where the next decade gets built. Second, we are first and foremost a technology company. We’ve said for years that we aim to be the R&D arm for the music industry. And if I may say so, nearly 20 years in, I. I think we’ve earned that. We drove the shift from downloads to streaming and subscription, and we proved the model could work at scale. But here’s what excites me the most. Our capabilities now extend far beyond music. Today, what we built is a technology platform for audio and increasingly for all ways creators connect with audiences. And this identity will matter even more going forward. The next wave of technology shifts AI, new interfaces, wearables, new ways of interacting with content. These will reshape how people discover and experience audio and media. The hard problems I had in music, in podcasts, in books and video, in live, and in things we haven’t even built yet, we’re going to keep building the technology to solve them. Third, we play the long game. When we went public in 2018, I talked about long term value creation. While I know many of you focus quarter to quarter, that’s not how we grade ourselves, and it’s never have been. We choose growth over profitability for many years, and I know that was painful for some of you, but in order to scale, it was the right thing for consumers and creators, and ultimately for the business we’re running today. We acquired Echo Nest back in 2014 when most people didn’t understand why a streaming company needed a machine learning AI company. And that bet gave us personalization, something that’s now core to everything we do. We built our ubiquity play that’s called Spotify connect starting in 2011, right as we launched in the US at the time, every major tech platform was building their own wall garden for audio. The conventional wisdom was pick an ecosystem and live inside it. We bet the other way. We decided Spotify should work everywhere. In your car, your speaker, your tv, your gaming console, regardless of whose ecosystem you’re in. Apple’s, Google’s, Amazon, Samsung, Sonos, all of them seamlessly. And today, Spotify works across more than 2,000 devices from over 200 brands. And you can start a song on your phone and you can finish it on your tv. That doesn’t happen by accident. It happens because we choose ubiquity over control, openness over lock in. And we stuck with it for over a decade. These weren’t obvious calls at the time, but they compound. And that long term orientation will continue to guide Spotify. Which brings me to talent. Because we take a long term view there too. At Spotify, we built a culture that tries to build and reward trust. Trust to take risks, trust to fail and learn. Trust to challenge each other and share the thinking behind our decisions. And here’s why that moving fast isn’t just about how much you ship. It’s about shipping the right things. A culture of trust gives you both. People dare to try, but they also dare to debate, to push back, to find the better path together. That’s how you iterate quickly without losing direction. If there’s trust. Most processes are easy, allowing you to move very fast. A culture of trust is hard to replicate. And it’s why we develop leaders from within. And I think Alex and Gustav are great proofs of this. They’ve been at the center of nearly every major shift in this company. Mobile, subscription, machine learning, podcast, audiobooks, marketplace, etc. Etc. They didn’t inherit Spotify, they really helped building it. And of course I’m not going anywhere. I’ll be here as Executive Chairman, focus on the long term. But this is their moment to lead and I have deep confidence in them. Not because everything will go perfectly, of course it won’t, but because I’ve watched them solve problems that looked impossible and then do it again and, and again. And they’re not here to protect what I built. They’re here to build what we haven’t imagined yet. And their success is our success and I’m rooting very hard for them. And with that, I’m going to hand it over to Alex, Gustav and Christian.

Alex Norström (Co-CEO)

Thank you Daniel and congratulations on a legendary run. Wow. Both Gustav and I thank you for the encouraging words and your trust. We closed out what we dubbed as the Year of Accelerated Execution with another solid quarter delivering a strong finish to 2025. In Q4, we met or exceeded guidance across all the key metrics. We marked our highest quarter ever for MAU net additions. It’s just incredible to think that we now serve over 3/4 of a billion people around the world. Since going public, I have been touting the importance of our flywheel and it all starts with MAU growth, which in turn fuels the growth of our overall business. A driver of MAU outperformance is Spotify Wrapped, which was also record breaking this year. While we saw impressive engagement back in 2024, we also got feedback on the user experience. So this year we turned up the dial and the response was redeeming. At the end of the campaign, more than 300 million users engaged, which was up 20%. And we saw more than 630 million shares across social media, which is up 42%. Even more. Day one of Spotify Wrapped marked the highest single day of subscriber intake in Spotify history. Lots of learnings and we take our responsibility seriously to deliver on this much anticipated moment every year for our users. We’re also driving significant business growth for creative industries and in in 25 we paid out more than $11 billion to music rights holders, once again setting a global record for the highest annual payment from a single source. This takes us to nearly $70 billion since our founding in podcasting. Video podcast consumption on Spotify has increased by more than 90% since the launch of the Spotify Partner Program, or what we call SPP. There are now more than 530,000 video podcast shows on our platform and I hope you all caught the watershed moment at the Golden Globes where Spotify and the ringers “Good Hang” with Amy Poehler won the first ever Best Podcast award. This milestone underscores podcasting’s impact on culture and we’re proud to have been a key part of it. Now, rounding things out with audiobooks, we expanded audiobooks in premium to to more markets where we’re already finding some of the world’s most passionate listeners. As we continue to scale this, leading global publishers have credited us with bringing in new listeners and driving double digit growth in audiobooks. Now you should expect Gustav and I to continue to optimize for and be relentless about creating value for users. Because when people spend more days in a month with us across more moments, more devices and more verticals, it proves our product is working. It means our investments into personalization and AI are paying off. It means we’re doing a great job sharing the art made by our artists, podcasters and authors. What this ultimately translates into is greater engagement and retention, which unlocks more revenue growth. And as our revenue grows, we bring more value back to our partners, more artists and creators. And with scale comes more opportunity for innovation and margin expansion. Disciplined reinvestment of this pushes growth even further. This is our formula. Rinse and repeat. As we’ve mentioned before, we have one of the greatest TAMs in the world. That’s because everyone has a relationship with music and podcasts and audiobooks. It deepens that connection even further. We proudly count 3.5% of the world as subscribers and there’s still lots of room to grow. It’s not implausible to imagine us converting 10 or even 15% of the world’s population to subscribers with strong performance across all metrics including user growth, revenue, gross margin, operating income and cash flow. I’m confident about our position and I’m optimistic about 2026 and beyond. We expect continued healthy MAU and subs growth throughout the year while maintaining our consistently low churn. We will also make further progress on driving top line growth and expanding gross margin. In closing, you might be wondering about our focus for 2026. We are framing it as the Year of Raising Ambition. We were founded to solve what we felt like the impossible, and ambition has been the driving force behind our success from our earliest days. And ambition will be a guiding principle of our next chapter. We are looking forward to telling you more about it at our Investor Day in May of this year. Though what I’m certain about is that Gustav will take the opportunity to tease some of that, hopefully not giving away all of it. And with that I will pass it over to Gustav.

Gustav Söderström (Co-CEO)

Thank you Alex. I will try to contain myself in 2025 we launched more than 50 new features and innovations Shout out to prompted playlist page match about the song that all launched very recently, actually in the last few weeks. So I think it’s fair to say that we more than delivered on our bold ambitions of last year, pushing every boundary and driving engagement even higher. Now I think it’s important to zoom out as I know there’s been a lot of commentary around AI over the last few weeks and actually last several months. Like any significant global shift, we know that there will be winners and losers. But there is no question in my mind that we will continue to be one of the big beneficiaries of AI. I’m expecting a lot of questions on AI in the Q and A, so let me share a bit more up front. My view is that new technology is seldom disruptive on its own. Significant disruption happens when new technologies enable new asymmetric business models. For example, this is what Spotify did to music downloads. This is what Uber did to taxi service. So the question everyone should be asking is, does this evolution create new business models or are we mostly just seeing new technologies? For example, in SaaS, there is currently a lot of fear that the perceived business model will be challenged by more outcome based models, which is reasonable. However, in the consumer space that we are in, we believe the dominant business model will continue to be ads plus subscription, both places where Spotify excels. This puts Spotify in an outstanding position because we already have the right business model. Our job then just becomes leveraging these new technologies to our benefit, which is something that we’ve done consistently for the last 18 years. Another reason that we are in a strong position is that we have been building for this moment for some time. Back in 2021, we saw the potential of AI that would be able to think and speak at the level of a human. So we acquired AI voice platform Synantic in 2022, and this put us on an early path to introduce agentic experiences to Spotify users. One example of this is the wildly popular interactive DJ, which we introduced in 2023 and have continued to enhance since then. About 90 million subscribers have used IDJ so far, driving over 4 billion hours of time spent on Spotify. And this keeps growing. More recently, we also launched Prompted Playlist, a new tool that has instantly taken off with power users. So if Interactive DJ is the chat interface to Spotify, where you can talk casually, Prompted Playlist is the deep research mode of Spotify. It lets you describe and set rules for your own personalized playlists, literally writing your own algorithm. It taps into your entire Spotify listening history, reflecting not just current obsessions, but the full arc of your music taste and integrates up to the minute culture pulled from the Internet. There is nothing else like it. So all of this teases the next evolution of Spotify, delivering the world’s most intelligent agentic media platform, one that you can literally talk to, that fully understands each individual listener and puts them in the driver’s seat. It’s about moving from a passive experience to an interactive one. This is a stark contrast to most media services today. Innovation like this drives retention and time spent on Spotify, enhancing customer LTVs and monetization potential and and the momentum is undeniable. Looking at the US alone, monthly streaming hours per user have grown more than 20% in the last five years, and we feel well positioned to make continued gains here. Another example of interactivity is the smashing success of our new mixing tools. We recently hit a milestone of 50 million mix playlists, and listeners are now making more than 1 million transitions per day, building yet another unique data set that improves our experience. People don’t just want to listen, they want to actively participate in the music. They want to shape it. This is now becoming possible in ways that were previously unimaginable. So on that note, there is obviously a lot of conversation around AI and music right now. So let me just share how we think about it. We see two distinct categories emerging. One, artists making original music from scratch and two, new versions of existing music like covers or remixes. The first category means a lot of net new music and more content than ever being delivered to Spotify. Importantly, a growing catalog has always been very good for us because it attracts new users, drives engagement and builds fandoms. As more artists incorporate AI tools, the lines around making music are blurring. But while the music may be generated on various AI platforms, the point is that regardless of where the music is made, the cultural moment always happens on Spotify. That is where all music charts and finds an audience. This is because Spotify has long been the place that delivers both the large reach and monetization opportunities. The second category is derivatives, new takes on existing music. Everything we see tells us listeners want to interact with their favorite music, and many artists want to let them creating new revenue from their existing catalog. In other media like movies and tv, existing IP is incredibly valuable. But in music, artists haven’t had a real way to monetize existing catalog through AI because the absence of a rights framework has kept AI mostly focused on the first category, Net new creation. We want to work with the industry to fix that. If you’re an artist looking to unlock this potential upside, you’d want to do it on the world’s leading music platform. Your fans and the largest royalty pool are already there. We have the technology and capabilities ready to unlock this in a way that is additive for both IP rights holders and Spotify. And as we’ve said before, we intend to do this in the right way with artist support not around them. In fact, many artists and industry partners see this opportunity and and we are already working with them on realizing it. With so much out there, you may be wondering if we can keep up this pace in shipping. In fact, we think we not only can, but we think we can increase it. We’ve been embracing and investing in this technology evolution for some time, and it’s allowing us to move with much higher speed. As a concrete example, an engineer at Spotify on their morning commute from Slack on their cell phone can tell Claude AI to fix a bug or add a new feature to the iOS app. And once Claude AI finishes that work, the engineer then gets a new version of the app pushed to them on Slack on their phone so that he can then merge it to production, all before they even arrived at the office. We call this system internally honk. And we’ve been told by key AI partners that our work here is industry leading. Now, as Daniel said in his remarks, we are a tech company and we consider ourselves the R&D Department for the Music industry. Our job is to understand new technologies quickly and capture their potential, which we’ve done time and again. The entire industry stands to benefit from this paradigm shift, but we believe that those who embrace this change and move fast will benefit the most. Now I’ll pass it over to Christian to take you through the numbers.

Christian Luiga (Chief Financial Officer)

Thanks Gustav and thanks everyone for joining us. I’ll cover the quarter 4 results and provide some perspective on our outlook. Unless otherwise noted, all reference growth metrics are presented on a year on year constant currency basis. Overall, we’re pleased with our strong quarter four finish. Total revenue grew at an accelerated 13% to $4.5 billion. Premium revenue rose 14% versus 13% last quarter and was primarily driven by subscriber growth. Our advertising business grew 4% versus flat last quarter on a like for like basis. Excluding the effects of our podcast optimization strategies, we had roughly 7% advertising growth. We are encouraged by the progress we’re seeing in terms of market adoption of our new advertising tools and continue to expect improved growth in the second half of 2026. Moving to profitability, gross margin came in at 33.1%, expanding just over 80 basis points year on year. Our performance here was primarily driven by content cost favorability. Operating income of 701 million was 81 million above forecast, of which social charges had a positive impact of 67 million due to share price movements. The remaining variance to guidance was driven by the gross margin performance. Finally, free cash flow was 834 million in Q4 and we ended the quarter with 9.5 billion in cash and short term investments. We repurchased $433 million worth of shares in Q4 and will continue to opportunistically return capital via share buybacks. In summary, Quarter four capped off another year of healthy growth with profitability and cash flow improvement for us on a full year basis. 2025 revenue grew 13%, gross profit grew 20% and operating income grew in excess of 50% to deliver a full year margin of 13% and our free cash flow generation improved by approximately 600 million to a record 2.9 billion. Looking ahead to quarter one, we are forecasting 759 million MAU, an increase of 8 million from Q4 and 293 million subscribers in Q1, which is seasonally our smallest quarter. Our subscriber outlook implies net additional 3 million. This is within our historical range for Q1. The effects of new pricing implementation in Q1 are considered in our forecast and as Alex mentioned, the churn with respect to these price increases is in line with our expectations. In addition, we remain very encouraged by the early benefits we see to our funnel. Thanks to the enhanced three tier that we rolled out in late quarter three, we are well positioned for conversion and continued healthy subscriber growth in 2026. We are also forecasting $4.5 billion in total quarter one revenue, representing an improved growth rate of approximately 15% versus the 13% we just delivered in quarter four we’re forecasting ARPU growth in the 5 to 6% range. Our revenue outlook also incorporates the effects of unfavorable currency movements which results in an incremental 35 million headwind when compared to prior quarter exchange rates. We expect a quarter one gross margin of 32.8% and operating income of $660 million. While we do not give full year guidance for gross margin and operating margin, we are expecting both to improve in 2026. For gross margin, we expect our recent pricing adjustments to help drive revenue growth that outpaces the net content cost growth in 2026. That said, the quarterly progression of our margins could again be variable depending on the timing of disciplined investments in our and monetization activities. Finally, we expect our free cash flow generation to meaningfully exceed what we generated in 2025 while reflecting progression towards a normalized long term tax rate. In conclusion, we are confident in our path into 2026 and will make further progress on driving top line growth, disciplined reinvestments and expect improved margin and Cash flow. With that, I hand it back to you, Brian.

Bryan Goldberg (Head of Investor Relations)

All right, thanks, Christian. Again, if you’ve got any questions, please go to slido.com, spotify earningsq425. We’ll be reading the questions in the order they appear in the queue with respect to how people vote up their preferences. And our first question today is going to come from Jessica Ref Ehrlich on AI opportunities across all sectors. The market is acutely focused on AI and its impact on current business models. How is Spotify planning to use AI tools and applications for new and evolving product offers? And will this eventually lead to new tiers of service?

Gustav Söderström (Co-CEO)

Thank you, Jessica. This is Gustav. I’ll take this. And this is a big question. I’ll try to keep the answer to under 30 minutes. Just kidding. I try to answer some of this upfront in my prepared remarks, but I want to say one additional thing. If we just zoom out and look at what is happening right now is the typical example of what is called a macro change right now. Spotify has lived through many macro changes, and I think it’s important to know that while many people are scared in times of change, this is when there is the most opportunity. If you look at Spotify, it was born out of a macro change, which was ubiquitous, cheap broadband. That’s how we got to scale. And then this next huge wave came across. It’s called the smartphone. What happened? Spotify accelerated and started growing faster. Then the next macrowave came, which was called personalization. What happened? Spotify embraced it and grew even faster. Then the next thing came, which was the connected home. We all forgot about it now, but it was a big deal. What happened? Spotify started growing faster. Over 2000 integrations with hardware partners. The thing about macro change is that if you capture it, it’s an opportunity, not a, not a headwind. This is what we’re focused on and we feel very well positioned for this opportunity. As I shared in my initial remarks, the first thing to look at is do you even have the right business model? If you look at the AI companies, the business model is subscription and increasing the ads. That’s what we excel at. So we have the right business model and I don’t see that changing for the consumer space. So we feel very positioned from a structural point of view. On top of that, as I shared, we’ve been investing towards this opportunity for many years now because while it’s happened faster than many people think, it was not impossible to foresee that this would happen. If you just believed in the Exponential we would get here. This is why we are leading in the market with these interactive natural language based services in terms of media platforms. So to be specific about what I’m excited about, I am excited about us being the first truly intelligent agentic media service that you can literally talk to. And this is not just a pipe dream. You can already talk to Spotify through the ARDJ casually, but also through prompted playlist in sort of a deep research way. We’re going to keep investing in that. What that means structurally for Spotify is that we are building a data set that never existed, which is the data set of language to music, language to podcast, and language to books. We’ve had the song to song data set, but no one had the language to song data set. And I want to drive home a point here which is this is a very specific data set. You may think it is a canonical data set, meaning there is a factual answer to, for example, what is workout music? There is no factual answer to what is work as music. In fact, it turns out that taste is not a fact, it’s an opinion. So if you look at something like workout music, on average, for an American, it’s usually hip hop. For a European, it’s usually edm. For many Scandinavians, it’s something like heavy metal or even death metal. But then again, for a lot of Americans, millions at least, it’s also death metal. So there is no canonical answer to what does workout music mean? You can’t just have an LLM, commoditize it as a fact the way you can commoditize Wikipedia. You actually need to have many, many hundreds of millions of listeners across the world’s market constantly telling you what it means for that specific person. This is a data set that we are building right now that no one else is really building. It doesn’t exist at this scale and we see it improving every time we retrain our models. This is what I’m excited about. I think I’ll stop there or I’ll take the whole Q and A.

Doug Anmuth

All right, our next question is going to come from Doug Anmuth on gross margin. What are the drivers of gross margin expansion in 2026 and do they shift at all from recent years?

Alex Norström (Co-CEO)

Hey, Doug, I’ll take that Alex here and then Christian, you may jump in. I’m confident in our gross margin trajectory in terms of making progress towards our long term goals that we’ve talked about before. We intend to do it in a steady and sustainable manner and the way we’re really managing Our gross margin is a balance between a couple of different things. One is thoughtful monetization. Two, we want to be disciplined with reinvestment and our cost of revenue. And of course we’re going to innovate to create even more differentiation for our platform. And if you think a bit about the last few years and look at our trajectory, I think we’ve got a pretty good track record in striking this very balance.

Christian Luiga (Chief Financial Officer)

Kristen, here, I just want to fill in, I mean, to start with, just going back a bit to my own script. We do want to invest and we will invest in future value when we see we have that opportunity. And that is what we’re doing. And creating long term value is what we’re looking for every day. But looking at the gross margin pace here in quarter four going into quarter one and also for next year and the things that drives that, I mean what I said was that the price increases that we have done here is going to outpace the net content cost in 2026. Remembering also that we are improving our ads business slowly as we go forward and we feel that that will pick up in the same second half of 2026. We have a marketplace that added both to gross income and margin in 2025 that is also a good tool for us. And finally, as we expand new verticals within the countries that we are in and also to new countries, that is also a good support for our margin.

Operator

All right, our next question is going to come from Jessica Rieferlich again this time on advertising.

Jessica Rieferlich

You’ve spent the last two years building out your adtech platform. Can you provide a progress report? Where are you seeing the most progress and where do you have more work to do and will it be a step change in advertising growth later this year?

Alex Norström (Co-CEO)

Thanks, Jessica. You know, it’s now one and a half years since we decided to re engineer Spotify’s ad stack and and really move off of a rented stack. And we did this primarily to better match what our clients asked of us the way they would like to buy on Spotify. And frankly, we did this also to meet and exceed the standards of really what is a high performance, self serve and biddable stack. It was a tough call back in that moment since it meant that I knew it meant that we had to take some pain as this was going to be deep surgery for us. We now have, I’m happy to say that we now have record levels of advertisers on the platform and that increased density means much better yield and as a result more revenue growth for us, we are positive on ads. We still have work to do, but we’re definitely making good progress and seeing very positive signs.

Operator

Okay, and looks like one more question from Jessica, this time on capital allocation.

Jessica Rieferlich

Christian, can you provide an update on your views on capital returns given your extremely strong balance sheet?

Christian Luiga (Chief Financial Officer)

Thank you, Jessica. Yeah, well it is a relevant question when we have now good cash flow and we also have a strong balance sheet. We have said that before our primary goal is to reinvest in the business. And as we do that, we actually can increase our growth levels. And when we increase our growth levels, we can get more money to invest back and do that flywheel that Alex talked about about in his script. And that is the you have to always remember that is our first thought every day in this company to grow the company. And as we’ve said, if we gonna have room for also returning something to the shareholders, we can do that. And in the 2025 duration we did 510 million in buybacks in the market and that is still an option for us also going forward, especially to cover up for dilution. In addition to that, as you know, we have 1.5 billion fallen due or plus in convertible note now in March, which we will settle in cash.

Operator

Okay, our next question comes from Eric Sheridan on AI Opportunity.

Eric Sheridan

Can you discuss your latest thoughts with respect to AI on one, its role in product and platform evolution for the company two, its effect to transform your internal processes and three, the broader audio content creation and distribution landscape.

Gustav Söderström (Co-CEO)

Thank you, Eric. This is good stuff. I think I touched on a lot of this in my opening remarks, but I’ll summarize it briefly in terms of its role in product development. As I said, you can actually already see that we spent a lot of last year rebuilding the company for an agentic age so that you can launch these services where a user can now ask Spotify a question in English that would have required you to be a senior developer at Spotify to be able to answer before. A year ago, only a very senior developer at Spotify could answer the question of what was the first track I ever listened to on Spotify. Please take the ones I listened to more than three times and match them against what was popular at the time. Now anyone can do that just using English. So we’ve been spending time rebuilding the company for this age before it’s a little bit late to start now. You should have started about two years ago, which we did. And now you’re starting to see the products on top of this rollout. And as I teased. We really want to be the world’s first truly intelligent media platform. You will hear us talk more about this at the investor day. So I won’t share many more details now, but stay tuned for that. In terms of transformation of internal processes, I did briefly share in my prepared remarks this tool called Honk, where you can using Claude code literally on the bus or the train, just ask Claude to add a feature or a bug to for example, the iOS code base. It will push a QR code back to you so that you can actually try the app with that feature. If you like it, you can merge it to production without even getting off the bus. This is speeding us up tremendously. Now we foresee this not being the the end of the line in terms of AI development, just the beginning. I’m not going to give away more secrets about how we’re going to capture it, but you can be sure that we are capturing this. We’re retooling the entire company for this age and it’s going to be a lot of change. But as I said before, change if you capture it, is opportunity.

Rich Greenfield

What percentage of music on Spotify today is AI generated? How much AI generated content is being uploaded daily and what is your policy on the uploading of AI music?

Gustav Soderstrom (Co-CEO)

Thanks Rich, this is Gustav again. We don’t share a percentage of music uploaded on Spotify that is AI generated, but I’ll talk to you about how we think about it. The way we think about it is from a creative point of view. Spotify should not decide what kind of tools you’re allowed to use or you use tools allowed to use an electric guitar, a synthesizer, digital audio, workstation or AI. Or more a more complicated question, a bit of AI, like 1% AI 15, 20, 100. We don’t think it’s our decision to make. What we do think though, is that consumers would like to know and understand what tools were used in the creation of their music. So we’ve been working with the industry to allow them creators and labels uploading music to put in the metadata how it was created so that we can surface this to users. And you just recently saw a feature called about the song that we launched that literally tells you about the song, what the Internet is saying. But as creators start adding this data, we can also tell the consumers how this song was made because we think people want to know. So that’s how we think about it. I also want to mention that that one thing that AI can do is to accelerate the amount of spammy tracks. I want to be clear that there has always been people trying to abuse Spotify because it’s a big economy using spammy tracks, AI is a tool that could help accelerate that. But because it’s been a problem for a long time, we’ve been investing more than anyone else in the industry to curb this problem. So for us, spammy AI music is not a new problem. It’s just more scale on an existing problem that we actually feel we are leading. In general, as more content gets created with ever more advanced tools, this is a good thing for Spotify. As more content gets created and uploaded, the personalization problem becomes more important because now there’s a bigger catalog, you need to understand individual users taste even better. So we see this development and this is nothing new. When Spotify started I think there were at most tens of millions of tracks. Now there are hundreds of millions. So the 10x explosion has already happened over the last 20 years. So this is something that we’re used to. That’s how we’re thinking about it.

Operator

Well, we’ve got a follow up and a related question from Rich.

Rich Greenfield

Is Spotify planning to win in AI? The bare thesis on Spotify is that Udio Suno clay and stability not only enable consumers to create AI music, but also become DSPs that take share from Spotify, with Spotify taking a more cautious approach. Any comments on that?

Alex Norström (Co-CEO)

Hey Rich, Alex here. It’s good to hear from you. So I spend a lot of time with the industry, the music industry and with artists and there isn’t any doubt that everyone is optimistic about the future and that AI is an important moment for all of us. And as Spotify, we provide a service to rights holders and artists and songwriters, a service to distribute and monetize their art. And the key point here, this is a scaled service with a working business model. This is where you go to put your new songs, whichever technology or instrument or tool you use to create it. And you know, I’ve done the rounds and no rights holder is against our vision. We pretty much have the whole industry lined up behind us. And like Gustav mentioned before, we want to do it in a controlled way, respecting artists and the community. And we will not do deals that aren’t good for artists and ultimately Spotify.

Wells Fargo Analyst

All right, question from Justin Patterson. Also related to AI music. If you could expand a bit more on Spotify’s role in AI music, do you need to invest in content creation tools? And how are you helping human creators build audiences and income streams in this environment.

Alex Norström (Co-CEO)

Justin, my friend, you’ve heard Gustav talk about how more catalog and interactivity is good for users and also good for the industry. So he sort of partially answered your question already. But I’ll talk to you about how AI really enhances the value of our platform. We have in the past including Daniel has talked about optimizing the lifetime value for our subscribers and that is ultimately when you accumulate all of that, what builds enterprise value for Spotify? So the question is, how does AI do that? Well, one powerful way to drive lifetime value is to increase retention. And you know the best way to increase retention is to increase engagement. And the number one reason they engage more with Spotify and happens also to be something that drives willingness to pay is personalization and AI. Whether it’s general recommendations or reinforcement learning systems, it just takes personalization to a whole new level and thus you have a domino sequence of how really we enhance the value of our platform as we continue to invest in AI. AI leads to better personalization, better personalization leads to more engagement, more engagement leads to more attention, more attention leads to lifetime value and boom. More lifetime value leads to more enterprise value.

Gustav Soderstrom (Co-CEO)

And I would just add to this to your question of do we need to invest in content creation tools? We have all the technology and capabilities that we need since a long time. This is the tech company so we are working with the industry to enable these opportunities.

Operator

All right, our next question is going to come from Bachelivi on premium pricing following the recent U.S. price increases.

Analyst

How do you see the price to value relationship of the service relative to your competitors and how do you expect Churn to play out versus prior rounds of price increases?

Alex Norstrom (Co-CEO)

Thank you Batya. One of my favorite topics, really happy with the price increases we implemented back in January of this year. There have been really no surprises at all. Churn is low and came in according to our expectations. And just as a reminder, this $1 increase is the same magnitude as the US price increase that we implemented back in, I think it was June of 2024. The one important thing to point out though is that price increases, as you know, is one of several levers we pull for growth. And when we adjust price we do it from a position of strength. And you know this already, but I’ll say it anyway. We evaluate pricing on a market by market basis and we optimize for the long term value of our platform. And you’ve seen it in the last few years, we do not apply a one size fits all approach to this and to your Question. Ultimately, what we strive to do is to always create more value than price. And that happens while we’re adjusting the price points as we go. This is the kind of value to price ratio we believe in.

Operator

We’ve got another question from Rich Greenfield, this time on Spotify Culture.

Rich Greenfield

Curious. What’s changed at Spotify in the early days following Daniel stepping back from the CEO role?

Gustav Söderström (Co-CEO)

Well, this is good stuff. I’ll take a stab at this. From one point of view, not that much has changed because we’ve kept growing market share and leading. But structurally, some things have changed because first and foremost, Alex and I are two people. So we had two direct reporting teams and we thought long and hard about how we were going to do that. Were we going to sort of split the thing down the middle, manage our own teams, have our own meetings? We decided not to. We decided to run this as a single direct reporting group, something that we run weekly for three hours, called E Team. So that changed. We focused even more on synchronization than I think Daniel did. We have the entire decision layer of Spotify, the VPSVP layer, in this room, three hours every week, deciding and running and unblocking the entire company. So there’s been a shift in how we operate and we focus even more on synchronization and planning. And I want to touch on this because in this age of AI, I think many companies are making a mistake. Maybe I shouldn’t reveal this, but I will anyway. People feel like when you have AI, you don’t need to plan anymore. I think it’s actually going to be the opposite. When you have productivity on tap, what you need to have are very good plans so that these agents are highly utilized and stay busy. So being a company that can plan well and know what you want to do is actually going to become more important, not less important.

Alex Norström (Co-CEO)

I’ll lay into that a little bit. I think this shift really began more than two years ago. It was carefully planned and to Gustav’s point, we now not only synchronize across the company with, with all of the different teams and their leaders, but we also set targets and we land planes that are important. We are very deliberate about how we target and manage the outcomes that we want for the company and our P and L and balance sheet. And if you look at the past three years, you’ve seen US compound revenue growth at 17% FX neutral. We have grown gross profit by 20% on a compounded basis for three years. And what’s more is that we have added 18 percentage points of operating margin and we’re now generating almost 3 billion euros for 2025 in free cash flow, which is a 17% cash margin. So all of us are super happy about this run and we are definitely in a very strong position as a team to continue to invest and grow the future for Spotify.

Rich Greenfield

All right, and another one on Rich Greenfield, this time about books. Can you help us understand why you want to be in the physical book selling market?

Gustav Soderström (Co-CEO)

Thanks Rich. This is good stuff. The reason that we are in the first of all, I want to say that we’re not holding inventory or anything like that in this business. The reason we want to be in the physical book market is because we think that is not a separate market, it is the same book market. So one of the most common feedbacks we heard when we talk about audiobooks was people saying that, yeah, I like it, but it’s not enough. I really like reading at night or in the morning. I don’t want to lie and listen to my audiobook in bed because if I fall asleep I miss it, etc. So we realized that while it technically and financially looks like a different market, we tend to focus on the consumer. And from the consumer it’s the same book, whether it’s the physical book, it’s on their Kindle or their audiobook. So this is what drove us to. It was really the consumer that drove us to enabling this as well. So that’s how we think about it. We want to do books and that requires being in physical books as well. It doesn’t really matter if the consumer bought the book themselves and then synced to the audiobook. But we want to make it super easy if you find the book on Spotify to not say that, well, I’m not going to listen to this book because I also want to read it. If that’s the case, we’re right there. You just click buy, it arrives in your home and then you can sync it back and forth. So this is really a consumer led innovation.

We’re so bullish on audiobooks, there’s so much upside there. You saw us launch audiobooks in premium recently in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Monaco. And it’s still very early days. But the publishers reactions to our entrance into the market and the audience we attract and engage have been just super positive. You heard Gustav talk about audiobook recaps, Pagemash just now and the partnership with Bookshop. In just two years, which is very short order, we’ve more than tripled our catalog to over half a million titles and expanded into 14 global markets. And there’s so many more markets to go from here.

Gustav Soderstrom (Co-CEO)

And I just want to say that we talked about raising our ambition now. Alex and I want to do something different. We want to build something that never existed before, rather than trying to copy something that existed. And I think Boox is a good example of this. We’re looking at a consumer problem that no one else really looked at and said this needs solving. We really want Spotify to be your media partner. If that requires us syncing to your physical book or your Kindle ebook, then let’s just solve that.

Operator

All right, Our next question is going to come from Stephen Cahal on AI, opportunity and priorities.

Well Fargo Analyst

With the stock down approximately a third over the last three months, the market appears to be implying Spotify will be negatively impacted from AI. What do you think the market’s missing from how Spotify can benefit from AI and what are your top priorities so you don’t fall behind within this new industry landscape?

Christian Luiga

Hi, Steve and Christian here. Let me start and then hand over to Gustav. But I think it’s been notable, listening today’s discussion and also seeing the last quarter, of course, that AI has been something that has been hard to grasp for many people. We don’t comment on our share price, when it changes in this short term, and so on. We will not do that going forward. But it’s obvious from the recent months, but also from the discussion today, I would say, and all the questions we get, that AI is something that is interesting and will have an impact. I think hopefully we have discussed and explained why this is a great opportunity for us. And as Gustav said before, we didn’t start now. We started many years ago. And if you haven’t, you probably will have a tougher time. And that’s why we think this is a great opportunity. I hand it over to you, Gustav.

Gustav Söderström (Co-CEO)

I won’t say that much more, but Alex here told me that the Chinese sign for macro wind is opportunity. So we’re going to try to capture that opportunity. I want to be clear. So we’re going to invest, but we’re going to invest with discipline when we see clear opportunities and returns.

Alex Norström (Co-CEO)

Crack me up, Gustav. Funny.

Operator

All right, we’ve got a question now from Doug Amith on our new free tier.

Doug Anmuth

When should Spotify see easing headwinds to subscriber conversions from the recent free tier announcements? With a shift towards increasing conversions and subscribers, how does this impact the trajectory of both 2026 MAU and premium subs?

Alex Norström (Co-CEO)

Well, Doug, we Just came off of a really good quarter when it comes to both MAU and premium subs. So I am very, very encouraged about the 2026 growth of these two metrics. You know, we are seeing strong engagement uplift not just in our new enhanced free tier around the world, but also generally for Spotify. And this was one of the major contributors to us adding 38 million users in Q4. You know, when you fix the it’s sort of like a leaky bucket. When you start plugging the holes, the level of the water will just rise faster. And this is perhaps the most important leading indicator to growth at Spotify. It’s been so in the past 15, 16 years that I’ve been here. If engagement goes up, if it means user growth will increase and ultimately this has downstream impact on the overall Spotify business, including subscribers and other monetization.

J.P. Morgan Analyst

All right, thanks.

Operator

Another question from Justin Patterson for Gustav on AI

Justin Patterson

how is agentic coding changing product velocity? What do you believe Genai could mean for engineer productivity and R and D investment needs?

Gustav Soderström (Co-CEO)

Thanks for the question, Justin. Well, I would say that I think it’s obvious to everyone, but over Christmas, Christmas this year was an event, a singular event in terms of AI productivity. Certainly I spent my entire vacation coding rather than being on holiday. And I think most people in tech did a lot of things happen in December, including Opus 4.5 coming out to cloud code, and we crossed the threshold where things just started working. So a lot has actually changed very recently. And when I speak to my most senior engineers, the best developers we had, they actually say that they haven’t written a single line of code since December. They actually only generate code and supervise it. So it is a big change, it is real and it’s happening fast. Now, as I said, we’ve discussed for the Last at least 1 1/2 years, not if this should happen, but when it should happen. And we’ve started building systems like Honk that I explained for this type of world. So I feel very well positioned to capture this. But I want to be clear, this is the beginning of the change. There’s going to have to be a lot of change in these tech companies if you want to stay competitive. And we are absolutely hell bent on leading that change. But it will be painful for many companies because I think engineering practices, product practices and design practices will change. And the tricky thing right now is that if this was the end of the change, you could say this is what happened. Now let’s retool for this. The tricky thing is that we’re in the middle of the change. So you also have to be very agile. The things you build now may be useless in a month because it may be provided by one of the one of the big engines, etc. On the other hand, it’s getting so cheap to write code, so you should probably do it anyway. So I think what it’s going to mean at the end of the day is that software companies will start producing enormously more amount of software. If you go back to there is this fear that software companies are not going to exist anymore. Everyone rolls their own products. I certainly don’t think that’s going to be true for consumer products. I think what will happen is something more like what happened with the Internet. When the Internet came along, everyone thought that we would all have our own web pages. What actually happened was there ended up being very few web pages. In times of lower friction, things actually tend to aggregate, not disaggregate. That’s the opportunity we see in front of us. I think companies such as us are simply going to produce massively more software up until our limiting factor is actually the amount of change that consumers are comfortable with.

Operator

All right, we’ve got time for just a few more questions. We’re going to go now to Stephen Cajal on gross margin.

Analyst

With premium ARPU set to accelerate for much of 2026, how should we think about premium and total margin expansion? Your Q1 margin guide already implies improvement versus the typical seasonality. So. So can we expect a stronger year for margin expansion than we saw in 2025?

Christian Luiga (Chief Financial Officer)

So thank you, Stephen. As you know, which I’ve said already, we don’t give full year guidance on our gross margin. But you’re right, I mean we move into quarter one with an ARPU growth of 5,6%. That’s a bit faster than we have reported in quarter four. And it incorporates recently announced price increases in a market like us. And that will flow through our P and L for a portion of the quarter and will improve a bit. But that said also, we have said it repeatedly and I will say it again, which is very important, except for that we’re not guiding on full year gross margin is that we actually do invest when we see an opportunity for long term value. And that said, then the quarterly progression of our margins could again be variable depending on the timing of disciplined investments in our core and the monetization activities that I just mentioned. So keep that in mind. And as we say, we do believe that gross margin and operating margin will improve in 2026.

Operator

All right, our last question is going to come from Batya Levy. Also related to AI opportunity.

Analyst

Back in October, you had announced partnership with the major labels to develop artist first AI products. With all the hype about competition and disruption, can you talk about how you plan to differentiate with these products and is there an urgency to launch them?

Gustav Soderström (Co-CEO)

This is Gustav. I’ll start and maybe Alex wants to jump in. No, we’re not going to ship ideas. We’re not going to ship what we’re going to do in the future. That wouldn’t be very good for all of you shareholders. But what I will tell you is that as I said in my prepared remarks, we think of it in two ways. Net new music and derivatives. In terms of net new music, there are tons of companies that allow you to create music using AI, but that’s not where the music breaks. That music, if it breaks, breaks on Spotify. That’s where charts, that’s where the cultural moment is. So we feel very comfortable about that position. A growing catalog has always been good for Spotify. Now, in terms of the derivatives, as I said, we think this is an untapped opportunity for artists to make money off of their existing ip. We have the technology and capabilities that we need and we’re very excited about it. And we are ready for the partners that are hungry to seize this opportunity. We think the ones that move first will benefit the most. So we’re hungry and excited. We’re not particularly stressed about it, but we’re there for people who want to make money.

Bryan Goldberg (Head of Investor Relations)

All right, thanks, Gustav, and thanks, Bacha. That concludes our Q and A session. I’m going to turn the call over now to Alex for some concluding remarks.

Alex Norström (Co-CEO)

Thank you, Brian. So from any vantage point at Spotify, there is a lot to look forward to. In March, we’ll kick off our 20th anniversary at south by Southwest and we are excited to share more about our year of raising ambition and a longer term vision at our Investor Day on May 21st of this year in New York. So please hold the date. Gustav, Christian and I are looking forward to seeing you there.

Operator

Right, and that concludes today’s call. A replay will be available on our website and also on the Spotify app under Spotify Earnings Call Call Replays. Thanks everyone for joining.

This transcript is to be used for informational purposes only. Though Benzinga believes the content to be substantially and directionally correct, Benzinga cannot and does not guarantee 100% accuracy of the content herein. Audio quality, accents and technical issues could impact the exactness and we advise you to refer to source audio files before making any decisions based upon the above.

Image: Shutterstock.com